{"id":2903,"date":"2020-10-13T23:22:48","date_gmt":"2020-10-13T23:22:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/avech.org\/?page_id=2903"},"modified":"2024-06-13T14:26:06","modified_gmt":"2024-06-13T18:26:06","slug":"pagoda-del-templo-de-famen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/avech.org\/en\/pagoda-del-templo-de-famen\/","title":{"rendered":"Develando los secretos de la pagoda del Templo de Famen en la Provincia de Shaanxi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-background-position:left top;--awb-border-sizes-top:0px;--awb-border-sizes-bottom:0px;--awb-border-sizes-left:0px;--awb-border-sizes-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:0px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-top-medium:60px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1331.2px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-flex-column fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:16.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:11.52%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:11.52%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:30px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:20px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:34;line-height:1.47;\"><h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">Develando los secretos de la pagoda del Templo de Famen en la Provincia de Shaanxi<\/h1><\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:20px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:24;line-height:1.4;\"><h2 style=\"text-align: right;\">Walburga Mar\u00eda Wiesheu<\/h2><\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-line-height:0.5em;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><em>Cuadernos de China<\/em>, 2 (M\u00e9rida \u2013 Venezuela, 2019), pp. 1-63.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-flex-column fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:16.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:11.52%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:11.52%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-flex-column fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:16.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:11.52%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:11.52%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:30px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-3 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:20px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:15;--minFontSize:15;line-height:1.67;\"><strong>Resumen<\/strong><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:right;\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Severamente afectada por un terremoto y unas lluvias fuertes, en 1981 la pagoda de ladrillos de Famensi (Templo de la Puerta del Dharma) colaps\u00f3, y al intervenir en 1987 los arque\u00f3logos descubrieron un contexto sellado del a\u00f1o 874 en su \u201cPalacio Subterr\u00e1neo\u201d (Digong) construido en la forma de una tumba china. Sus reliquias de supuestos huesos de dedo del Buda hist\u00f3rico y los suntuosos objetos intactos, posiblemente donados por diversos emperadores, se consideran como uno de los descubrimientos m\u00e1s importantes de la arqueolog\u00eda china durante el siglo XX y fueron declarados como la Novena Maravilla por la UNESCO. Actualmente Famensi y su pagoda, reconstruida en este siglo, asimismo se han convertido en un importante lugar de peregrinaci\u00f3n. En este trabajo describiremos dichos hallazgos extraordinarios y delinearemos su relaci\u00f3n con el budismo esot\u00e9rico y las pr\u00e1cticas rituales de veneraci\u00f3n de reliquias por parte de miembros de la corte imperial, as\u00ed como su uso pol\u00edtico por emperadores que pretendieron establecer un Reino de Buda en el Este de Asia, en especial la famosa Emperatriz Wu Zetian de la dinast\u00eda Tang.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:right;--awb-line-height:10px;\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Palabras clave<\/strong>: Pagodas, veneraci\u00f3n de reliquias, budismo esot\u00e9rico, dinast\u00edas Sui y Tang.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-flex-column fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:16.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:11.52%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:11.52%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-background-position:left top;--awb-border-sizes-top:0px;--awb-border-sizes-bottom:0px;--awb-border-sizes-left:0px;--awb-border-sizes-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:90px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-top-medium:60px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1331.2px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-flex-column fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:16.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:11.52%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:11.52%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:30px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-4 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:20px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:34;line-height:1.47;\"><h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">Develando los secretos de la pagoda del Templo de Famen en la Provincia de Shaanxi<\/h1><\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-5 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:20px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:24;line-height:1.4;\"><h2 style=\"text-align: right;\">Walburga Mar\u00eda Wiesheu<\/h2><\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-line-height:0.5em;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><em>Cuadernos de China<\/em>, 2 (M\u00e9rida \u2013 Venezuela, 2019), pp. 1-63.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-flex-column fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:16.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:11.52%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:11.52%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:30px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-6 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:20px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:15;--minFontSize:15;line-height:1.67;\"><strong>Resumen<\/strong><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:right;\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Severamente afectada por un terremoto y unas lluvias fuertes, en 1981 la pagoda de ladrillos de Famensi (Templo de la Puerta del Dharma) colaps\u00f3, y al intervenir en 1987 los arque\u00f3logos descubrieron un contexto sellado del a\u00f1o 874 en su \u201cPalacio Subterr\u00e1neo\u201d (Digong) construido en la forma de una tumba china. Sus reliquias de supuestos huesos de dedo del Buda hist\u00f3rico y los suntuosos objetos intactos, posiblemente donados por diversos emperadores, se consideran como uno de los descubrimientos m\u00e1s importantes de la arqueolog\u00eda china durante el siglo XX y fueron declarados como la Novena Maravilla por la UNESCO. Actualmente Famensi y su pagoda, reconstruida en este siglo, asimismo se han convertido en un importante lugar de peregrinaci\u00f3n. En este trabajo describiremos dichos hallazgos extraordinarios y delinearemos su relaci\u00f3n con el budismo esot\u00e9rico y las pr\u00e1cticas rituales de veneraci\u00f3n de reliquias por parte de miembros de la corte imperial, as\u00ed como su uso pol\u00edtico por emperadores que pretendieron establecer un Reino de Buda en el Este de Asia, en especial la famosa Emperatriz Wu Zetian de la dinast\u00eda Tang.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:right;--awb-line-height:10px;\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Palabras clave<\/strong>: Pagodas, veneraci\u00f3n de reliquias, budismo esot\u00e9rico, dinast\u00edas Sui y Tang.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-flex-column fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:16.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:11.52%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:11.52%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-background-position:left top;--awb-border-sizes-top:0px;--awb-border-sizes-bottom:0px;--awb-border-sizes-left:0px;--awb-border-sizes-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:0px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-top-medium:60px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1331.2px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-flex-column fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:16.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:11.52%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:11.52%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:30px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-7 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:20px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:24;line-height:1.4;\"><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Unveiling the secrets from the pagoda of the Famen Temple in the Province of Shaanxi<\/strong><\/h2><\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-8 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:20px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:15;--minFontSize:15;line-height:1.67;\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:right;\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Severely damaged by an earthquake and heavy rains, in 1981 the brick pagoda of Famensi (Templo of the Dharma Gate) collapsed and when in 1987 archaeologists undertook excavations, they discovered a sealed context from the year 874 in its \u201cUnderground Palace\u201d (Digong), built in the form of a Chinese tomb. The unearthed relics of purported finger bones from the historic Buddha and the untouched sumptuous objects, probably donated by several emperors, are regarded as one of the most important discoveries of Chinese archaeology in the 20th Century and were declared the Ninth Wonder by UNESCO. Today Famensi and its pagoda, now reconstructed, constitute an important site of pilgrimage. In this paper I describe these extraordinary finds and outline its relation with Esoteric Buddhism and the ritual practices of relic veneration by members of the royal court, as well as their political use by emperors who tried to establish a Kingdom of Buddha in East Asia, especially the famous Tang dynasty empress Wu Zetian.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:right;--awb-line-height:10px;\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Keywords<\/strong>: Pagodas, relics worship, esoteric Buddhism, Sui and Tang dynasties.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-flex-column fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:16.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:11.52%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:11.52%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-background-position:left top;--awb-border-sizes-top:0px;--awb-border-sizes-bottom:0px;--awb-border-sizes-left:0px;--awb-border-sizes-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:0px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-top-medium:60px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1331.2px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-flex-column fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:16.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:11.52%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:11.52%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-15 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:30px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-9 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:20px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:24;line-height:1.4;\"><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u9655\u897f\u7701\u6cd5\u95e8\u5bfa\u4f5b\u5854\u89e3<\/strong><strong>\u5bc6<\/strong><\/h2><\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-10 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:20px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:15;--minFontSize:15;line-height:1.67;\"><strong>\u6458\u8981<\/strong><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:right;\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1981\u5e74\u6cd5\u95e8\u5bfa\u4f5b\u5854\u56e0\u53d7\u5230\u5730\u9707\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u66b4\u96e8\u7684\u4fb5\u88ad\u5012\u584c\uff0c1987\u5e74\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u5f62\u72b6\u5982\u5893\u7a74\u7684\u5730\u4e0b\u5bab\u6bbf\u91cc\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5c01\u5b58\u4e8e874\u5e74\u7684\u6587\u7269\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4f5b\u6307\u820d\u5229\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u591a\u4f4d\u541b\u738b\u4f9b\u5949\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u73cd\u5b9d\u9057\u8ff9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9057\u5b58\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u88ab\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bc4\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e5d\u5927\u5947\u8ff9\u3002\u5f53\u4eca\uff0c\u6cd5\u95e8\u5bfa\u548c\u4e8e\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u4f5b\u5854\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u671d\u5723\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8bb2\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u7269\u4e0e\u5bc6\u5b97\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u738b\u5ba4\u6210\u5458\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f9b\u5949\u4f5b\u6307\u820d\u5229\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5efa\u7acb\u4f5b\u4e4b\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u541b\u738b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u5c24\u5176\u8981\u63d0\u5230\u5510\u671d\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5973\u7687\u6b66\u5219\u5929\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:right;--awb-line-height:10px;\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u5173\u952e\u8bcd<\/strong>\uff1a\u4f5b\u5854\uff0c\u6587\u7269\u656c\u62dc\uff0c\u5bc6\u5b97\uff0c\u968b\u671d\uff0c\u5510\u671d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-16 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-flex-column fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:16.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:11.52%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:11.52%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-5 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-background-position:left top;--awb-border-sizes-top:0px;--awb-border-sizes-bottom:0px;--awb-border-sizes-left:0px;--awb-border-sizes-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-top-medium:60px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1331.2px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-17 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-flex-column fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:16.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:11.52%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:11.52%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-18 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:30px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-max-width:300px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"691\" title=\"Cuaderno_de_China_2_Min\" src=\"https:\/\/avech.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Cuaderno_de_China_2_Min.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/avech.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Cuaderno_de_China_2_Min.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-2715\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27450%27%20height%3D%27691%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20450%20691%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27450%27%20height%3D%27691%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avech.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Cuaderno_de_China_2_Min-200x307.png 200w, https:\/\/avech.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Cuaderno_de_China_2_Min-400x614.png 400w, https:\/\/avech.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Cuaderno_de_China_2_Min.png 450w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;width:100%;max-width:170px;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:0;--awb-flex-shrink-small:0;width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-medium button-default fusion-button-default button-1 fusion-button-span-no fusion-button-default-type\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/file\/d\/1ArMyGvGy-72uPhOT8z7k5Msx9nR9NS4p\/view?rm=minimal\"><i class=\"fa-cloud-download fas awb-button__icon awb-button__icon--default button-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">Descargar (Alta Resoluci\u00f3n)<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-medium button-default fusion-button-default button-2 fusion-button-span-no fusion-button-default-type\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/file\/d\/1Kb08YbzAq1PGCzmzvFyttpreqNa7kzac\/view?rm=minimal\"><i class=\"fa-cloud-download fas awb-button__icon awb-button__icon--default button-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">Descargar (Baja Resoluci\u00f3n)<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-19 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-flex-column fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:16.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:11.52%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:11.52%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-6 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1331.2px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-20 fusion_builder_column_2_5 2_5 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:40%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:4.8%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:4.8%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><p>Fecha de Publicaci\u00f3n: Tuesday, 13 de October de 2020<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2903","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/avech.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2903","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/avech.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/avech.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/avech.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/avech.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2903"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/avech.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2903\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9204,"href":"https:\/\/avech.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2903\/revisions\/9204"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/avech.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2903"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}